What type of malaria is in kenya

Risk is higher where access to adequate sanitation and safe water is limited. The disease is mainly found in rural areas of affected countries but outbreaks in urban areas do occur. Vaccination is usually recommended for all those who travel into risk areas. View yellow fever risk areas here. In addition, certain countries may want to see proof of vaccination on an official yellow fever vaccination certificate - check above under Immunisations.

Malaria Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease transmitted by mosquitoes. You cannot be vaccinated against malaria. Please be aware that the risk of COVID in this country may change at short notice and also consider your risk of exposure in any transit countries and from travelling itself. Travellers visiting this country for longer than 4 weeks may be advised to have a booster dose of a polio containing vaccine if they have not had one in the past 12 months.

They should carry proof of having had this vaccination. Please speak to your travel health adviser to discuss. Patients must be screened for G6PD deficiency prior to starting primaquine. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website.

Malaria Journal volume 9 , Article number: 69 Cite this article. Metrics details. A detailed knowledge of the distribution of the main Anopheles malaria vectors in Kenya should guide national vector control strategies. However, contemporary spatial distributions of the locally dominant Anopheles vectors including Anopheles gambiae , Anopheles arabiensis , Anopheles merus, Anopheles funestus , Anopheles pharoensis and Anopheles nili are lacking.

The methods and approaches used to assemble contemporary available data on the present distribution of the dominant malaria vectors in Kenya are presented here. Primary empirical data from published and unpublished sources were identified for the period to Details recorded for each source included the first author, year of publication, report type, survey location name, month and year of survey, the main Anopheles species reported as present and the sampling and identification methods used.

Survey locations were geo-positioned using national digital place name archives and on-line geo-referencing resources. The geo-located species-presence data were displayed and described administratively, using first-level administrative units province , and biologically, based on the predicted spatial margins of Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in Kenya for the year Each geo-located survey site was assigned an urban or rural classification and attributed an altitude value.

A total of sites reported the presence of An. Anopheles arabiensis and An. Anopheles gambiae, An. A contemporary, spatially defined database of the main malaria vectors in Kenya provides a baseline for future compilations of data and helps identify areas where information is currently lacking. The data collated here are published alongside this paper where it may help guide future sampling location decisions, help with the planning of vector control suites nationally and encourage broader research inquiry into vector species niche modeling.

Human malaria parasites are transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles and their geographic distribution is the result of a complex interaction of biogeography, including biotic e.

Africa has over recorded Anopheles species, of which at least eight are considered to be effective vectors of malaria [ 1 , 2 ]. Two of the most efficient vectors of human malaria, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto hereafter An. Other recognized species of the complex are Anopheles merus , Anopheles melas , Anopheles quadriannulatus , Anopheles quadriannulatus B and Anopheles bwambae.

Anopheles merus and An. Anopheles quadriannulatus , found in south-east Africa [ 4 ] and An. In addition to the An. Other species, such as Anopheles paludis , Anopheles mascarensis and Anopheles hancocki play only a limited, secondary and localized role where they are found [ 7 ]. Several of these vector species are found to occur in sympatry in much of Africa and their importance in malaria transmission varies depending on behaviour e.

These differences contribute to the varied malaria epidemiological patterns observed in Africa and, subsequently, different areas may require different tools and strategies for optimal vector control. The main tools of vector control in many malaria endemic countries in Africa are based on reducing vector-human contact with insecticide-treated nets ITNs , long-lasting insecticidal nets LLINs and indoor residual spraying IRS.

There is also renewed interest in integrated vector control approaches that can combine complimentary aspects of vector control and environmental management [ 8 — 13 ].

One of the key elements outlined by the global strategic framework for integrated vector management IVM is for "an evidence-based decision-making approach which involves the adaptation of strategies and interventions to local vector ecology, epidemiology and resources that are guided by operational research and subject to routine monitoring and evaluation" [ 14 ]. A detailed knowledge and understanding of the malaria vector species' distribution, abundance, and behaviour is therefore relevant in understanding their role in malaria transmission and hence its control.

Such baseline knowledge is also necessary in the monitoring and evaluation of the effects of control methods in an area and in the surveillance of insecticide resistance in vector species.

Knowledge of the distribution of vectors in areas with no current malaria transmission is also important in defining where the potential for transmission exists, should malaria be introduced. Unfortunately, contemporary species distribution information is not readily available for many countries, especially on the African continent where malaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity [ 15 , 16 ].

The last map of the distribution of Anopheles vectors in Kenya was published over 30 years ago and shows the distribution of the An.

Various social, demographic and environmental changes have occurred in Kenya since its publication, which may have substantially influenced these vectors' distribution. Moreover, advanced species identification techniques have enabled several species complexes and groups to be identified to their sibling or sub-species, most significantly the An.

This is of relevance as these closely related species, which are difficult to distinguish morphologically, are known to vary in their ability to transmit malaria [ 4 ]. In addition, other malaria vector species found in Kenya, such as An. Map of Kenya showing the distribution of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato a and Anopheles funestus b Roberts, displayed over the first-level administrative units provinces.

Kenya is fortunate to have had a productive malaria research community since the s. This paper presents the methods and approaches used to assemble contemporary data on the modern day distribution of the dominant malaria vectors in Kenya. Knowledge of the local distributions of these species will help facilitate the application of appropriate modes of malaria control and maximize the use of limited resources.

A systematic collation of primary empirical occurrence data for the main malaria vectors in Kenya from published and unpublished sources was initiated in June to assemble a national database of the distribution of these vectors. Five malaria vector species, namely An. They are considered in a number of authoritative reviews [ 22 — 26 ] to be among the most important vectors of human malaria where they are found by virtue of their competence as vectors, average sporozoite rates, preference for feeding on humans and abundance [ 27 ].

Anopheles pharoensis was not universally considered a dominant vector species by these reviews but promoted for inclusion because of its local importance in Kenya [ 28 , 29 ]. The aim was to define the spatial distribution of reported presence of these six vectors documented through entomological surveys since January This time limit was chosen to ensure that the data collected were representative of the contemporary distribution of these Anopheles vectors and included the most recent taxonomical classifications and the most accurate techniques for species identification.

The search strategy followed those general approaches developed by the Malaria Atlas Project MAP [ 30 ] and are outlined in detail elsewhere [ 27 ]. Reference source material was reviewed by RMO and MES to identify location-specific information for identified species. PCR methods to identify sibling species within a species complex. Mosquito abundance, sporozoite rates, blood meal identification or gravidity were not recorded as the objective was only to define species presence.

Moreover, the methods reported for more detailed vector dynamics were both variable and incomplete across the series. Given the location of several national malaria research groups, there are some communities where multiple records exist through time. The medications listed below are effective against malaria in this country.

Discuss with your healthcare provider which antimalarial regimen is best suited to your needs. Take ONE of the following:. Atovaquone-proguanil Brand names: Malarone, Malanil and others; generics available. Doxycycline Brand names: Vibramycin and others; generics available. Mefloquine hydrochloride Brand names: Lariam, Mephaquin, Mefliam and others; generics available. For further details, cautions, contraindications, or alternatives, including guidelines for pediatric dosages and Emergency Self Treatment, download our whitepaper How to Protect Yourself Against Malaria.

The recommendations for malaria prophylaxis outlined here are intended as guidelines only and may differ according to where you live, your health status, age, destination, trip itinerary, type of travel, and length of stay. Seek further advice from your physician or travel health clinic for the malaria prophylactic regimen most appropriate to your needs.

October 19, Why you should get vaccinated.